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Technological and operational solutions | CO2 | Contrails/ Induced cirrus |
NOx | Deployment complexity | Timeframe for large-scale deployment |
Carbon offsetting | ![]() |
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Existing | |
Avoiding areas where contrails are formed |
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Medium Introduction of metrics to identify trade-offs between CO2 and non-CO2 effects to ensure a beneficial effect on the climate |
10-15 years |
Formation flights | ![]() |
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Medium More constraints on flight planning and air traffic management |
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De-aromatized fuel | ![]() |
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Medium Introduction of a new fuel category |
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Biofuels | ![]() |
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Medium Availability of sustainable biomass for production, investment and scale-up of the industry, cost. |
15-25 years |
Electrofuel | ![]() |
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High Technological maturity, energy efficiency and the need for decarbonised electricity, cost. |
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Hydrogen | ![]() |
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Very high Complete redesign of aircraft and refuelling infrastructure. Associated investment. Production development. Cost. |
>30 years |
Source: Updated analysis of the non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation and potential policy measures pursuant to the EU Emissions, European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), 2020